Abstract

As artificial intelligence (AI) enters a mature phase by the end of 2024, two programming languages — Python and Java — continue to serve as linchpins of the evolving ecosystem. Python 3.13 leads in research, prototyping, and handling rapidly changing frameworks for deep learning, dataset preprocessing, and large language models (LLMs). Java 23, supported by Project Loom and robust enterprise integration patterns, excels in high-throughput production deployments, big data handling, and long-term maintenance. This article presents a broad, topic-wise comparison: deep learning frameworks, dataset handling, traditional machine learning workflows, MLOps integration, generative AI, and more. Finally, we provide a scoring matrix to assign points across criteria and determine the most advantageous choice for various scenarios.

Source